abono.
abono.
abono.
Particípio passado: permitido.
abono.
ele faz sua mãe uma mesada & # x2192; le concede una pensión a su madre.
fazer subsídio (s) para sb & # x2192; ser comprensivo con algn, disculpar um algn.
subsídio de invalidez & # x2192; alocação f d'invalidité.
para fazer concessões para sb & # x2192; faire des exceptions pour qn.
abono.
abono.
Qual é o limite de bagagem? → ما هُوَ الـحَدُّ الـمَسْموحُ بِهِ مِنْ الـحَقائِبِ؟ → Jaká je povolená hmotnost zavazadel? → Você se interessou por bagagereglerne? → Wie viel Freigepäck habe ich? → Πόσο είναι το επιτρεπτό βάρος αποσκευών; → ¿Cuál es la franquicia de equipaje? → Mikä on sallittu matkatavaramäärä? → Qual é o máximo de autorização para as bagagens? → Koliko kilograma prtljage smijem imati? → Qual é o peso massimo consentito per i bagagli? → 無 料 手 荷 物 許 容量 は ど 規定 規定 さ れ て い？ か → 수하물 허용 중량 은 얼마 인가요? → Hoeveel ensaca mag ik meenemen? → Hvor mye bagasje kan homem ta med? → Jaka jest dopuszczalna ilość bagażu? → Qual é o limite de bagagem? → Какая норма провоза багажа? → Hur mycket bagage får man ha? → อนุญาต ให้ มี น้ำหนัก กระเป๋า เดินทาง จำนวน เท่าไร? → Bagaj limiti ne kadar? → ửc bử nhiêu hành lý? → 行李 的 额定 重量 是 多少？
▲ Allottable all ottava allotted allotter allotter allotter Alloty allotypic allotypically allotypy all-all all over all-overs allow permitir allow permitir allowability permitido allowable cabin load carga permitida stackable weight allowableness allowably allowance allowance account Permitir permissão allowly Allower alloxan Alloxanate Alloxanic Alloxantin liga liga de ferro fundido ferro liga liga de aço alloyoy Liga liga junção liga allozyme all-party all-perversão all-points boletim All-possuído all-powerful all-right all-right ▼
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Imposto de Renda: nova permissão fiscal para propriedade e receita de negociação.
Publicado em 5 de dezembro de 2016.
© Crown copyright de 2016.
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Quem é propenso a ser afectado.
Indivíduos com pequenas quantias de receita de fornecimento de bens, serviços, propriedades ou outros ativos.
Descrição geral da medida.
Esta medida introduz 2 novos subsídios fiscais anuais para indivíduos de £ 1.000 cada, um para negociação e outro para rendimentos de propriedade. O subsídio de negociação também se aplicará a certas receitas diversas do fornecimento de ativos ou serviços. Estas novas licenças entrarão em vigor a partir do ano fiscal de 2017 a 2018.
Quando as permissões cobrirem todas as receitas relevantes de um indivíduo (antes das despesas), elas não terão mais que declarar ou pagar impostos sobre essa receita. Aqueles com maiores valores de renda terão a opção, ao calcular seus lucros tributáveis, de deduzir a provisão de seus recebimentos, em vez de deduzir as despesas reais permitidas. O subsídio de negociação também será aplicado para propósitos de contribuição do Seguro Nacional Classe 4.
Os novos subsídios não se aplicam à renda de parceria do exercício de uma atividade comercial, profissional ou de propriedade em parceria.
Os subsídios não serão aplicados além do alívio dado sob a legislação do Auxílio Rent-a-Room.
Objetivo da política.
O novo subsídio oferece simplicidade e certeza em relação às obrigações do Imposto de Renda sobre pequenas quantias de renda provenientes do fornecimento de bens, serviços, propriedades ou outros ativos.
Esta medida apoia o objetivo do governo de simplificar o sistema tributário e ajudar o Reino Unido a se tornar líderes na economia digital e de compartilhamento.
Antecedentes da medida
No Orçamento 2016, o governo anunciou duas novas mil libras esterlinas, cada uma para receitas imobiliárias e comerciais, com efeitos a partir de 6 de abril de 2017.
O governo anunciou no Autumn Statement 2016 que o subsídio de negociação também se aplicaria a certas receitas diversas do fornecimento de ativos ou serviços. Essa mudança reduzirá a complexidade para alguns indivíduos que não precisarão mais decidir se a atividade corresponde a uma negociação ou não.
Proposta detalhada.
Data de operação.
Para aqueles indivíduos que optam por simplicidade para relatar suas receitas e despesas de um comércio de acordo com o ano fiscal, a compensação de negociação entrará em vigor para receita de negociação no período de 6 de abril de 2017 a 5 de abril de 2018. Caso contrário, entrará em vigor por períodos até uma data contábil ou em outra data, a partir de 6 de abril de 2017, que constitua o período base para o ano fiscal de 2017 a 2018.
Isto entrará em vigor para os rendimentos de propriedade e certos rendimentos diversos, a partir de 6 de abril de 2017.
Lei atual.
O Capítulo 2, Parte 2 da Lei de Imposto de Renda (Negociação e Outras Receitas) de 2005 (ITTOIA 2005) cobra Imposto de Renda sobre os lucros de uma transação.
O Capítulo 3, Parte 2 contém regras para o cálculo dos lucros comerciais com referência aos recibos e despesas, para incluir quaisquer abatimentos ou encargos sob o Capital Allowances Act 2001, e de acordo com a prática contábil geralmente aceita (GAAP), sujeito a qualquer imposto ajustes exigidos por lei. Este Capítulo e o Capítulo 3A também prevê que as pequenas empresas possam eleger os lucros a serem calculados com base no regime de caixa.
Os lucros de um negócio são tributados por referência ao montante do lucro obtido em um período base para o ano fiscal. O Capítulo 15 da Parte 2, estabelece as regras para determinar o período de base para um ano fiscal, e em geral prevê que este seja um período de 12 meses terminando com a data contábil no ano fiscal.
O Capítulo 3, Parte 3 do ITTOIA 2005 cobra ao Imposto de Renda os lucros de um negócio imobiliário surgido no ano fiscal. Os lucros de um negócio imobiliário são calculados da mesma maneira que os lucros de um comércio, exceto que o regime de caixa não se aplica atualmente. O governo está consultando em introduzir isto na finança Bill 2017.
O Capítulo 8 (rendimentos que não são cobráveis de outra forma), a Parte 5 do ITTOIA 2005 cobra o Imposto sobre o Rendimento sobre os rendimentos diversos da prestação de bens e serviços, não exigíveis de outra forma.
A Parte 7, Capítulo 1, Alívio de Rent-a-Room, fornece alívio para a renda proveniente do uso de acomodação mobiliada na residência única ou principal de um indivíduo. Isso pode incluir receita de negociação, renda de propriedade e receita diversa. A forma do alívio depende se o aluguel de recibos de um quarto exceder o limite de um quarto do aluguel. Se isso não acontecer, a renda não é cobrada de imposto, a menos que o indivíduo escolha outra coisa. Em caso afirmativo, o indivíduo pode optar por um método alternativo de cálculo da renda deduzindo o aluguel de um limite de quarto, em vez de deduzir as despesas reais.
A Parte 9 da ITTOIA 2005 contém regras especiais que se aplicam a pessoas ("parceiros") que exercem uma negociação em parceria, referida coletivamente como uma "empresa" e como os parceiros individuais são tributados sobre essa renda.
Revisões propostas
Legislação em Finanças O Projecto de Lei 2017 apresentará uma nova Parte do ITTOIA 2005, para dar alívio a dois novos subsídios fiscais anuais para indivíduos de £ 1.000 cada, um subsídio de negociação e um subsídio de propriedade.
Isso definirá a forma do alívio, que dependerá se a receita de negociação ou de propriedade exceder o limite de 1.000 libras esterlinas ou não. Quando a renda do indivíduo ou da propriedade for menor do que a do subsídio, será dada uma dedução total para que a renda não seja cobrada do imposto, a menos que o indivíduo escolha outra forma.
Quando a renda do indivíduo ou da propriedade for maior do que a do subsídio, o indivíduo pode optar por um método alternativo de cálculo do rendimento, em vez das regras usuais que seriam aplicadas no cálculo do lucro de uma atividade comercial ou de uma propriedade diversa. . A eleição para o subsídio de comércio ou propriedade é feita de forma independente e se aplica a cada ano fiscal em particular.
Os novos subsídios se aplicarão a todos os tipos de propriedades e receitas comerciais de um indivíduo, mas não à renda de parceria, de um negócio comercial, profissional ou de propriedade em parceria, onde regras especiais na Parte 9 do ITTOIA de 2005 se aplicam.
O subsídio de negociação e de propriedade não se aplica à renda na qual o aluguel de um alívio de quarto é concedido. Também não se aplicará, se o método alternativo não for eleito, mas sim as despesas permitidas serão deduzidas.
Subsídio de negociação.
O primeiro capítulo da nova parte do ITTOIA 2005 cobrirá o subsídio de negociação.
Isso proporciona alívio total quando os recibos que seriam levados em conta no cálculo dos lucros do comércio para o ano fiscal, são de até £ 1.000. O efeito do alívio será que os lucros do comércio serão nulos.
Haverá uma regra equivalente para certas receitas diversas, cobradas nos termos do Capítulo 8 da Parte 5 da Lei. Isto aplica-se na medida em que o subsídio de negociação de 1.000 libras não é utilizado de outra forma contra o rendimento de negociação.
Haverá um método alternativo opcional para calcular os lucros quando os recebimentos de uma receita comercial ou diversa forem mais de £ 1.000. Isto assumirá a forma de uma eleição que se aplicará ao cálculo dos lucros de todos os negócios para um determinado ano fiscal. Para a receita de negociação, o efeito do método alternativo será calcular os lucros sobre os recebimentos que seriam levados em consideração no cálculo dos lucros do comércio para o ano fiscal menos a dedução da permissão de negociação de £ 1.000. No cálculo dos lucros, nenhuma dedução será permitida para despesas em geral ou qualquer outro assunto. Haverá uma regra para garantir que o montante total do subsídio de negociação não pode exceder £ 1.000, onde o indivíduo tem ambas as fontes de renda.
Subsídio de propriedade.
O segundo capítulo da nova parte do ITTOIA 2005 cobrirá o subsídio de propriedade. Isso proporcionará alívio total quando a receita proveniente do ano fiscal for de até £ 1.000. O efeito do alívio será que as receitas e despesas não serão levadas em conta ao calcular os lucros de um negócio imobiliário.
Haverá um método alternativo opcional para calcular os lucros, em que os recebimentos de um negócio imobiliário são mais de £ 1.000. Isto assumirá a forma de uma eleição que se aplicará ao cálculo dos lucros dos negócios imobiliários para um determinado ano fiscal. O efeito do método alternativo será o de que os recebimentos de renda sejam contabilizados somente no cálculo dos lucros do exercício fiscal. Quaisquer despesas associadas aos recebimentos de renda não serão contabilizadas. No cálculo do lucro, uma dedução é permitida para o subsídio de propriedade de 1.000 libras.
Resumo dos impactos.
Impacto do Tesouro (£ m)
Estes números são apresentados no Quadro 2.1 do Orçamento 2016 e foram certificados pelo Gabinete da Responsabilidade Orçamental. Mais detalhes podem ser encontrados no documento de cálculo de custos publicado ao lado do Orçamento 2016.
Impacto econômico.
Não se espera que esta medida tenha impactos macroeconômicos significativos.
Impacto sobre indivíduos, famílias e famílias.
Esta medida poderá beneficiar cerca de 700.000 contribuintes, dependendo da proporção de contribuintes elegíveis que decidam aceitar o subsídio.
Não se espera que a medida tenha impacto na formação, estabilidade ou quebra da família.
Impactos de igualdade.
Não se prevê que esta medida tenha qualquer impacto particular em qualquer grupo com características protegidas.
Impacto nos negócios, incluindo organizações da sociedade civil.
Espera-se que o custo adicional dessa medida seja insignificante. No entanto, espera-se que esta medida tenha uma poupança contínua significativa para a população autônoma e proprietária que não precisará mais preencher uma negociação de Autoavaliação (SA) ou retorno de propriedade ou não precisar mais calcular suas despesas e / ou subsídios de capital para o seu SA ou retorno de propriedade devido ao subsídio (s).
Espera-se que esta medida não tenha impacto sobre as organizações da sociedade civil, uma vez que afeta apenas as empresas ou os proprietários, nos quais o proprietário reporta os seus rendimentos comerciais através do SA.
Espera-se que, quando a população afetada inicie o processo de preparação de seu retorno de SA, leia a orientação relacionada ao subsídio e experimente uma economia por não ter que apresentar uma declaração de SA ou não ter que calcular suas despesas e capital. subsídios para os seus retornos. Estima-se que o custo contínuo seja insignificante, uma vez que eles não sofrerão nenhum fardo adicional além do que experimentam atualmente. A orientação de SA com a qual eles normalmente se engajariam ao preencher seus retornos agora os alertará de que nenhum retorno é necessário ou podem reivindicar o subsídio em vez de suas despesas, dependendo de suas circunstâncias. A medida pretende apoiar a economia compartilhada. As estimativas de economia de conformidade são mostradas na tabela abaixo.
Impacto estimado em curso sobre a carga administrativa (milhões de libras)
Impacto operacional (£ m) (Receita e Alfândega do HM (HMRC) ou outro)
O custo para atualizar os sistemas de Tecnologia da Informação da HMRC para essa mudança é estimado em £ 260.000. Outros custos operacionais são considerados insignificantes.
Os custos de conformidade operacional são provavelmente insignificantes.
Outros impactos
Outros impactos foram considerados e nenhum foi identificado.
Monitoramento e avaliação.
A medida será monitorada por meio de informações coletadas das declarações de impostos.
Mais conselhos.
Se você tiver alguma dúvida sobre essa mudança, entre em contato com Tony Page pelo telefone: 03000 537842 ou pelo e-mail: anthony. page@hmrc. gsi. gov. uk.
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O sistema de comércio de emissões da UE (EU ETS)
O Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE foi explicado.
O sistema de comércio de emissões da UE (EU ETS) é uma pedra angular da política da UE para combater as alterações climáticas e o seu instrumento fundamental para reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa de forma rentável. É o primeiro grande mercado de carbono do mundo e continua sendo o maior deles.
opera em 31 países (todos os 28 países da UE mais a Islândia, Liechtenstein e Noruega) limita as emissões de mais de 11.000 instalações que utilizam energia pesada (centrais elétricas e plantas industriais) e as companhias aéreas que operam entre esses países cobrem cerca de 45% das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa da UE emissões.
Para uma visão geral detalhada, consulte:
Um sistema 'cap and trade'.
O EU ETS trabalha no princípio do limite e comércio.
Um limite é definido na quantidade total de certos gases de efeito estufa que podem ser emitidos pelas instalações cobertas pelo sistema. O limite é reduzido ao longo do tempo para que as emissões totais caiam.
Dentro do limite, as empresas recebem ou compram licenças de emissão que podem negociar umas com as outras conforme necessário. Eles também podem comprar quantidades limitadas de créditos internacionais de projetos de redução de emissões em todo o mundo. O limite do número total de permissões disponíveis garante que elas tenham um valor.
Após cada ano, uma empresa deve entregar licenças suficientes para cobrir todas as suas emissões, caso contrário, multas pesadas são impostas. Se uma empresa reduz suas emissões, ela pode manter as licenças de reposição para cobrir suas necessidades futuras ou então vendê-las para outra empresa que não possui licenças.
O comércio traz flexibilidade que garante que as emissões sejam cortadas onde custa menos. Um preço robusto de carbono também promove investimentos em tecnologias limpas e de baixo carbono.
Principais características da fase 3 (2013-2020)
O EU ETS está agora em sua terceira fase - significativamente diferente das fases 1 e 2.
As principais mudanças são:
Aplica-se um único limite de emissões à escala da UE em vez do anterior sistema de limites nacionais O leilão é o método por defeito para atribuição de licenças (em vez de atribuição a título gratuito) e as regras de atribuição harmonizadas aplicam-se às licenças ainda gratuitas. os gases incluíram 300 milhões de licenças reservadas na New Entrants Reserve para financiar a implantação de tecnologias inovadoras de energia renovável e captura e armazenamento de carbono por meio do programa NER 300.
Setores e gases cobertos.
O sistema abrange os seguintes setores e gases com foco nas emissões que podem ser medidas, reportadas e verificadas com um alto nível de precisão:
dióxido de carbono (CO 2) da geração de energia e calor - setores intensivos em energia, incluindo refinarias de petróleo, siderúrgicas e produção de ferro, alumínio, metais, cimento, cal, vidro, cerâmica, polpa, papel, papelão, ácidos e produtos químicos orgânicos a granel Óxido nitroso de aviação comercial (N2O) da produção de ácidos nítrico, adípico e glioxílico e perfluorocarbonetos de glioxal (PFCs) da produção de alumínio.
A participação no EU ETS é obrigatória para empresas nestes setores, mas.
em alguns setores, apenas plantas acima de um determinado tamanho são incluídas. Algumas pequenas instalações podem ser excluídas se os governos implementarem medidas fiscais ou outras medidas que reduzirão suas emissões em um valor equivalente no setor de aviação; até 2016, o EU ETS se aplica apenas a vôos entre aeroportos situados no Espaço Económico Europeu (EEE).
Entregando reduções de emissões.
O EU ETS provou que colocar um preço no carbono e comercializá-lo pode funcionar. As emissões das instalações do regime estão a diminuir como previsto - cerca de 5% em comparação com o início da fase 3 (2013) (ver dados de 2015).
Em 2020, as emissões dos setores abrangidos pelo sistema serão 21% menores do que em 2005.
Desenvolvendo o mercado de carbono.
Criado em 2005, o EU ETS é o primeiro e maior sistema internacional de comércio de emissões do mundo, respondendo por mais de três quartos do comércio internacional de carbono.
O EU ETS também está inspirando o desenvolvimento do comércio de emissões em outros países e regiões. A UE pretende ligar o EU ETS a outros sistemas compatíveis.
Legislação principal do EU ETS.
30/04/2014 - Versão consolidada da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, relativa à criação de um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e que altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho 23/04/2009 - Diretiva 2009/29 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera a Diretiva 2003/87 / CE no sentido de melhorar e tornar extensivo o regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa da Comunidade 19/11/2008 - Diretiva 2008/101 / CE do o Parlamento Europeu e o Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE de modo a incluir as actividades da aviação no regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade 27/10/2004 - Directiva 2004/101 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho o Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE, relativa à criação de um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade, no âmbito dos mecanismos de projecto do Protocolo de Quioto 13/10/2003 - Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho ncil que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho.
Relatórios do mercado de carbono.
23/11/2017 - COM (2017) 693 - Relatório sobre o funcionamento do mercado europeu do carbono 01/02/2017 - COM (2017) 48 - Relatório sobre o funcionamento do mercado europeu do carbono 18/11/2015 - COM ( 2015) 576 - Relatório sobre o funcionamento do mercado europeu do carbono 14/11/2012 - COM (2012) 652 - A situação do mercado europeu do carbono em 2012.
Revisão do EU ETS para a fase 3.
04/02/2011 - Conclusões do Conselho Europeu de 4 de fevereiro de 2011 (ver conclusões 23 e 24) 18/03/2010 - Orientações sobre a interpretação do anexo I da Diretiva RCLE-UE (excluindo atividades de aviação) 18/03/2010 - Orientação documento para identificação dos geradores de electricidade 06/04/2009 - Comunicado de imprensa do Conselho sobre a adopção do pacote clima-energia 12/12/2008 - Conclusões da Presidência do Conselho Europeu (11 e 12 de Dezembro de 2008) 12/12/2008 - Conselho Europeu Declaração sobre a utilização das receitas dos leilões 23/01/2008 - Proposta de Directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera a Directiva 2003/87 / CE de modo a melhorar e alargar o sistema de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa da Comunidade 23 / 01/2008 - Documento de trabalho dos serviços da Comissão - Documento de acompanhamento da proposta de diretiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que altera a Diretiva 2003/87 / CE no sentido de melhorar e alargar o sistema de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa - Avaliação de impacto.
Implementação.
04/07/2013 - Projecto de Regulamento Alterado relativo à determinação dos direitos creditórios internacionais 05/06/2013 - Projecto de Regulamento sobre a determinação dos direitos creditórios internacionais 05/05/2013 Regulamento (UE) n. º 389/2013 da Comissão, de 2 de maio de 2013, que cria um Registo da União nos termos do à Diretiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, Decisões n. º 280/2004 / CE e n. º 406/2009 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e que revoga os Regulamentos (UE) n. º 920/2010 da Comissão e N. ° 1193/2011 Texto relevante para efeitos do EEE 18/11/2011 - Regulamento da Comissão que estabelece um Registo da União para o período de comércio com início em 1 de janeiro de 2013 e os períodos de comércio subsequentes do regime de comércio de emissões da União nos termos da Diretiva 2003/87 / CE Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e Decisão 280/2004 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e que altera os Regulamentos (CE) n. º 2216/2004 e (UE) n. º 920/2010 - ainda não publicados no Jornal Oficial 07 / 10/2010 - Regulamento da Comissão (UE) no 920/2010 relativa a um sistema de registos normalizado e protegido, em conformidade com a Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e a Decisão no 280/2004 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho - versão não incluindo as alterações introduzidas pelo Regulamento de 18 de novembro de 2011 08/10/2008 - Regulamento (CE) n. o 994/2008 da Comissão relativo a um sistema de registos normalizado e protegido, nos termos da Diretiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho e Decisão n. º 280/2004 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho - versão aplicável até 31 de Dezembro de 2011 26/10/2007 - Decisão Misto do Comité Misto do EEE n. º 146/2007, que liga o RCLE-UE à Noruega, à Islândia e ao Liechtenstein 13/11 / 2006 - Decisão 2006/780 / CE da Comissão, relativa à redução da duplicação das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa no âmbito do regime comunitário de comércio de licenças de emissão no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto, nos termos da Directiva 2003/87 / CE do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho (n sob o número C (2006) 5362) 21/12/2004 - Versão consolidada do Regulamento (CE) no 2216/2004 da Comissão para um sistema de registos normalizado e protegido, com a redacção que lhe foi dada pelo Regulamento (CE) no 916/2007 da Comissão, de 31 de Julho 2007, Regulamento (CE) n. o 994/2008 da Comissão, de 8 de outubro de 2008, e Regulamento (UE) n. o 920/2010 da Comissão, de 7 de outubro de 2010 - versão sem alterações introduzidas pelo Regulamento de 18 de novembro de 2011.
Aplicação do IVA.
História da Legislação da Directiva 2003/87 / CE.
Trabalhar antes da proposta da Comissão.
08/02/2000 - COM (2000) 87 - Livro Verde sobre comércio de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa na União Europeia Mandato e resultados do Grupo de Trabalho 1 da ECCP: Mecanismos flexíveis 04/09/2001 - Resumo Resumido do Presidente da reunião de consulta das partes interessadas (com a indústria ONG ambientais e ambientais 19/05/1999 - COM (1999) 230 - Preparação da aplicação do Protocolo de Quioto 03/06/1998 - COM (1998) 353 - Alterações climáticas - Rumo a uma estratégia pós-Quioto da UE Âmbito do RCLE UE : 07/2007 - Pequenas Instalações dentro do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE 10/2006 - Inclusão de atividades e gases adicionais no Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE Maior harmonização e maior previsibilidade: 12/2006 - A abordagem para novos entrantes e encerramentos 10/2006 - Leilão de licenças de emissão de CO2 na EU ETS 10/2006 - Harmonização de metodologias de alocação 12/2006 - Relatório sobre a competitividade internacional Grupo de trabalho da ECCP sobre o comércio de emissões na revisão do EU ETS 15/06/2007 - Relatório final da 4ª reunião Ligação em Sistemas de Comércio de Emissões em Terceiros Países 22/05/2007 - Relatório final da 3ª reunião sobre Harmonização Adicional e Previsibilidade Aumentada 26/04/2007 - Relatório Final da 2ª reunião sobre Cumprimento e Cumprimento Robustos 09/03/2007 - Relatório final da primeira reunião sobre o âmbito da directiva.
Proposta da Comissão de Outubro de 2001.
22/01/2002 - Não-documento sobre sinergias entre a proposta de comércio de emissões da CE (COM (2001) 581) e a Directiva IPPC 23/10/2001 - COM (2001) 581 - Proposta de directiva-quadro relativa ao comércio de emissões de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade Europeia.
Reacção da Comissão à leitura da proposta no Conselho e no Parlamento (incluindo a posição comum do Conselho)
18/07/2003 - COM (2003) 463 - Parecer da Comissão sobre as alterações do Parlamento Europeu à posição comum do Conselho respeitante à proposta de directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho 20/06/2003 - COM (2003) 364 - Comunicação da Comissão ao Parlamento Europeu relativa à posição comum do Conselho sobre a adopção de uma directiva que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE 18/03/2003 - Posição Comum ) 28.2003 - Posição Comum do Conselho sobre a adopção de uma directiva que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho 27/11/2002 - COM (2002) 680 - Proposta alterada de directiva do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho que estabelece um regime de comércio de licenças de emissão de gases com efeito de estufa na Comunidade e altera a Directiva 96/61 / CE do Conselho.
Abra todas as perguntas.
Perguntas e Respostas sobre o Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE revisado (dezembro de 2008)
Qual é o objetivo do comércio de emissões?
O objetivo do Sistema de Comércio de Emissões da UE (EU ETS) é ajudar os Estados Membros da UE a cumprir seus compromissos de limitar ou reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa de maneira econômica. Permitir que as empresas participantes comprem ou vendam licenças de emissão significa que os cortes de emissões podem ser alcançados pelo menos pelo custo.
O EU ETS é a pedra angular da estratégia da UE para combater as alterações climáticas. É o primeiro sistema internacional de comércio de emissões de CO 2 no mundo e está em funcionamento desde 2005. A partir de 1 de Janeiro de 2008, aplica-se não só aos 27 Estados-Membros da UE, mas também aos outros três membros do Espaço Económico Europeu. - Noruega, Islândia e Liechtenstein. Actualmente, abrange mais de 10 000 instalações nos sectores da energia e da indústria, que são colectivamente responsáveis por quase metade das emissões de CO 2 da UE e por 40% das suas emissões totais de gases com efeito de estufa. Uma emenda à Diretiva EU ETS, acordada em julho de 2008, trará o setor da aviação para o sistema a partir de 2012.
Como funciona o comércio de emissões?
O EU ETS é um sistema de limite e comércio, ou seja, ele limita o nível geral de emissões permitidas, mas, dentro desse limite, permite que os participantes do sistema comprem e vendam licenças conforme necessário. Essas permissões são a "moeda" de negociação comum no coração do sistema. Uma licença concede ao titular o direito de emitir uma tonelada de CO2 ou a quantidade equivalente de outro gás com efeito de estufa. O teto do número total de permissões cria escassez no mercado.
No primeiro e segundo período de comércio no âmbito do regime, os Estados-Membros tiveram de elaborar planos nacionais de atribuição (NAP) que determinam o nível total de emissões do RCLE e o número de licenças de emissão que cada instalação recebe no seu país. No final de cada ano, as instalações devem devolver licenças equivalentes às suas emissões. As empresas que mantêm suas emissões abaixo do nível de suas permissões podem vender seus excedentes de licenças. Aqueles que enfrentam dificuldades em manter suas emissões alinhadas com seus subsídios têm uma escolha entre tomar medidas para reduzir suas próprias emissões - como investir em tecnologia mais eficiente ou usar fontes de energia menos intensivas em carbono - ou comprar as permissões extras necessárias no mercado. , Ou uma combinação de ambos. Tais escolhas são provavelmente determinadas por custos relativos. Dessa forma, as emissões são reduzidas onde quer que seja mais econômico fazê-lo.
Há quanto tempo o EU ETS está operando?
O EU ETS foi lançado em 1 de janeiro de 2005. O primeiro período de comércio durou três anos até o final de 2007 e foi uma fase de 'aprender fazendo' para se preparar para o segundo período de comércio crucial. O segundo período de comércio teve início em 1 de janeiro de 2008 e dura cinco anos até o final de 2012. A importância do segundo período de comércio decorre do fato de coincidir com o primeiro período de compromisso do Protocolo de Kyoto, durante o qual a UE e outras os países industrializados devem cumprir suas metas para limitar ou reduzir as emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Para o segundo período de comércio, as emissões do RCLE-UE foram limitadas em cerca de 6,5% abaixo dos níveis de 2005 para ajudar a garantir que a UE como um todo, e os Estados-Membros individualmente, cumpram os seus compromissos de Quioto.
Quais são as principais lições aprendidas com a experiência até agora?
O EU ETS colocou um preço no carbono e provou que o comércio de emissões de gases de efeito estufa funciona. O primeiro período de comércio estabeleceu com sucesso o comércio livre de licenças de emissão em toda a UE, criou a infraestrutura necessária e desenvolveu um mercado dinâmico de carbono. Os benefícios ambientais da primeira fase podem ser limitados devido à atribuição excessiva de licenças em alguns Estados-Membros e alguns sectores, devido principalmente a uma dependência das projecções das emissões antes de os dados das emissões verificadas serem disponibilizados no âmbito do RCLE-UE. Quando a publicação dos dados de emissões verificadas para 2005 destacou essa “superalocação”, o mercado reagiu como seria esperado, baixando o preço de mercado das permissões. A disponibilidade de dados de emissões verificadas permitiu à Comissão assegurar que o limite para as dotações nacionais na segunda fase seja estabelecido a um nível que resulte em reduções reais das emissões.
Para além de sublinhar a necessidade de dados verificados, a experiência até à data demonstrou que uma maior harmonização no âmbito do RCLE-UE é imperativa para garantir que a UE atinja os seus objetivos de redução de emissões pelo menor custo e com distorções de concorrência mínimas. A necessidade de mais harmonização é mais clara no que diz respeito ao modo como é estabelecido o limite para as licenças de emissão globais.
Os dois primeiros períodos de comércio mostram também que os métodos nacionais amplamente divergentes de atribuição de licenças a instalações ameaçam a concorrência leal no mercado interno. Além disso, é necessária uma maior harmonização, clarificação e aperfeiçoamento no que diz respeito ao âmbito do sistema, ao acesso a créditos de projectos de redução de emissões fora da UE, às condições de ligação do RCLE-UE aos sistemas de comércio de emissões noutros locais e à monitorização, verificação e requisitos de relatórios.
Quais são as principais mudanças no EU ETS e a partir de quando elas serão aplicadas?
As alterações de projeto acordadas serão aplicadas a partir do terceiro período de comércio, ou seja, janeiro de 2013. Embora o trabalho preparatório seja iniciado imediatamente, as regras aplicáveis não serão alteradas até janeiro de 2013 para garantir que a estabilidade regulatória seja mantida.
O EU ETS no terceiro período será um sistema mais eficiente, mais harmonizado e mais justo.
Increased efficiency is achieved by means of a longer trading period (8 years instead of 5 years), a robust and annually declining emissions cap (21% reduction in 2020 compared to 2005) and a substantial increase in the amount of auctioning (from less than 4% in phase 2 to more than half in phase 3).
More harmonisation has been agreed in many areas, including with respect to the cap-setting (an EU-wide cap instead of the national caps in phases 1 and 2) and the rules for transitional free allocation.
The fairness of the system has been substantially increased by the move towards EU-wide free allocation rules for industrial installations and by the introduction of a redistribution mechanism that entitles new Member States to auction more allowances.
How does the final text compare to the initial Commission proposal?
The climate and energy targets agreed by the 2007 Spring European Council have been maintained and the overall architecture of the Commission's proposal on the EU ETS remains intact. That is to say that there will be one EU-wide cap on the number of emission allowances and this cap will decrease annually along a linear trend line, which will continue beyond the end of the third trading period (2013-2020). The main difference as compared to the proposal is that auctioning of allowances will be phased in more slowly.
What are the main changes compared to the Commission's proposal?
In summary, the main changes that have been made to the proposal are as follows:
Certain Member States are allowed an optional and temporary derogation from the rule that no allowances are to be allocated free of charge to electricity generators as of 2013. This option to derogate is available to Member States which fulfil certain conditions related to the interconnectivity of their electricity grid, share of a single fossil fuel in electricity production, and GDP/capita in relation to the EU-27 average. In addition, the amount of free allowances that a Member State can allocate to power plants is limited to 70% of carbon dioxide emissions of relevant plants in phase 1 and declines in the years thereafter. Furthermore free allocation in phase 3 can only be given to power plants that are operational or under construction no later than end 2008. See reply to question 15 below. There will be more details in the Directive on the criteria to be used to determine the sectors or sub-sectors deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage , and an earlier date of publication of the Commission's list of such sectors (31 December 2009). Moreover, subject to review when a satisfactory international agreement is reached, installations in all exposed industries will receive 100% free allowances to the extent that they use the most efficient technology. The free allocation to industry is limited to the share of these industries' emissions in total emissions in 2005 to 2007. The total number of allowances allocated for free to installations in industry sectors will decline annually in line with the decline of the emissions cap. Member States may also compensate certain installations for CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices if the CO 2 costs might otherwise expose them to the risk of carbon leakage. The Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect. See reply to question 15 below. The level of auctioning of allowances for non-exposed industry will increase in a linear manner as proposed by the Commission, but rather than reaching 100% by 2020 it will reach 70%, with a view to reaching 100% by 2027. As foreseen in the Commission's proposal, 10% of the allowances for auctioning will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. A provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% of auctioned allowances to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. The share of auctioning revenues that Member States are recommended to use to fight and adapt to climate change mainly within the EU, but also in developing countries, is raised from 20% to 50%. The text provides for a top-up to the proposed permitted level of use of JI/CDM credits in the 20% scenario for existing operators that received the lowest budgets to import and use such credits in relation to allocations and access to credits in the period 2008-2012. New sectors, new entrants in the periods 2013-2020 and 2008-2012 will also be able to use credits. The total amount of credits that may be used will, however, not exceed 50% of the reduction between 2008 and 2020. Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement, the Commission could allow additional access to CERs and ERUs for operators in the Community scheme. See reply to question 20 below. The proceeds from auctioning 300 million allowances from the new entrants reserve will be used to support up to 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects and projects demonstrating innovative renewable energy technologies. A number of conditions are attached to this financing mechanism. See reply to question 30 below. The possibility to opt-out small combustion installations provided they are subject to equivalent measures has been extended to cover all small installations irrespective of activity, the emission threshold has been raised from 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes of CO 2 per year, and the capacity threshold that combustion installations have to fulfil in addition has been raised from 25MW to 35MW. With these increased thresholds, the share of covered emissions that would potentially be excluded from the emissions trading system becomes significant, and consequently a provision has been added to allow for a corresponding reduction of the EU-wide cap on allowances.
Will there still be national allocation plans (NAPs)?
No. In their NAPs for the first (2005-2007) and the second (2008-2012) trading periods, Member States determined the total quantity of allowances to be issued – the cap – and how these would be allocated to the installations concerned. This approach has generated significant differences in allocation rules, creating an incentive for each Member State to favour its own industry, and has led to great complexity.
As from the third trading period, there will be a single EU-wide cap and allowances will be allocated on the basis of harmonised rules. National allocation plans will therefore not be needed any more.
How will the emission cap in phase 3 be determined?
The rules for calculating the EU-wide cap are as follows:
From 2013, the total number of allowances will decrease annually in a linear manner. The starting point of this line is the average total quantity of allowances (phase 2 cap) to be issued by Member States for the 2008-12 period, adjusted to reflect the broadened scope of the system from 2013 as well as any small installations that Member States have chosen to exclude. The linear factor by which the annual amount shall decrease is 1.74% in relation to the phase 2 cap.
The starting point for determining the linear factor of 1.74% is the 20% overall reduction of greenhouse gases compared to 1990, which is equivalent to a 14% reduction compared to 2005. However, a larger reduction is required of the EU ETS because it is cheaper to reduce emissions in the ETS sectors. The division that minimises overall reduction cost amounts to:
a 21% reduction in EU ETS sector emissions compared to 2005 by 2020; a reduction of around 10% compared to 2005 for the sectors that are not covered by the EU ETS.
The 21% reduction in 2020 results in an ETS cap in 2020 of a maximum of 1720 million allowances and implies an average phase 3 cap (2013 to 2020) of some 1846 million allowances and a reduction of 11% compared to the phase 2 cap.
All absolute figures indicated correspond to the coverage at the start of the second trading period and therefore don't take account of aviation, which will be added in 2012, and other sectors that will be added in phase 3.
The final figures for the annual emission caps in phase 3 will be determined and published by the Commission by 30 September 2010.
How will the emission cap beyond phase 3 be determined?
The linear factor of 1.74% used to determine the phase 3 cap will continue to apply beyond the end of the trading period in 2020 and will determine the cap for the fourth trading period (2021 to 2028) and beyond. It may be revised by 2025 at the latest. In fact, significant emission reductions of 60%-80% compared to 1990 will be necessary by 2050 to reach the strategic objective of limiting the global average temperature increase to not more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.
An EU-wide cap on emission allowances will be determined for each individual year. Will this reduce flexibility for the installations concerned?
No, flexibility for installations will not be reduced at all. In any year, the allowances to be auctioned and distributed have to be issued by the competent authorities by 28 February. The last date for operators to surrender allowances is 30 April of the year following the year in which the emissions took place. So operators receive allowances for the current year before they have to surrender allowances to cover their emissions for the previous year. Allowances remain valid throughout the trading period and any surplus allowances can now be "banked" for use in subsequent trading periods. In this respect nothing will change.
The system will remain based on trading periods, but the third trading period will last eight years, from 2013 to 2020, as opposed to five years for the second phase from 2008 to 2012.
For the second trading period Member States generally decided to allocate equal total quantities of allowances for each year. The linear decrease each year from 2013 will correspond better to expected emissions trends over the period.
What are the tentative annual ETS cap figures for the period 2013 to 2020?
The tentative annual cap figures are as follows:
These figures are based on the scope of the ETS as applicable in phase 2 (2008 to 2012), and the Commission's decisions on the national allocation plans for phase 2, amounting to 2083 million tonnes. These figures will be adjusted for several reasons. Firstly, adjustment will be made to take into account the extensions of the scope in phase 2, provided that Member States substantiate and verify their emissions accruing from these extensions. Secondly, adjustment will be made with respect to further extensions of the scope of the ETS in the third trading period. Thirdly, any opt-out of small installations will lead to a corresponding reduction of the cap. Fourthly, the figures do not take account of the inclusion of aviation, nor of emissions from Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.
Will allowances still be allocated for free?
Sim. Industrial installations will receive transitional free allocation. And in those Member States that are eligible for the optional derogation, power plants may, if the Member State so decides, also receive free allowances. It is estimated that at least half of the available allowances as of 2013 will be auctioned.
While the great majority of allowances has been allocated free of charge to installations in the first and second trading periods, the Commission proposed that auctioning of allowances should become the basic principle for allocation. This is because auctioning best ensures the efficiency, transparency and simplicity of the system and creates the greatest incentive for investments in a low-carbon economy. It best complies with the “polluter pays principle” and avoids giving windfall profits to certain sectors that have passed on the notional cost of allowances to their customers despite receiving them for free.
How will allowances be handed out for free?
By 31 December 2010, the Commission will adopt EU-wide rules, which will be developed under a committee procedure (“Comitology”). These rules will fully harmonise allocations and thus all firms across the EU with the same or similar activities will be subject to the same rules. The rules will ensure as far as possible that the allocation promotes carbon-efficient technologies. The adopted rules provide that to the extent feasible, allocations are to be based on so-called benchmarks, e. g. a number of allowances per quantity of historical output. Such rules reward operators that have taken early action to reduce greenhouse gases, better reflect the polluter pays principle and give stronger incentives to reduce emissions, as allocations would no longer depend on historical emissions. All allocations are to be determined before the start of the third trading period and no ex-post adjustments will be allowed.
Which installations will receive free allocations and which will not? How will negative impacts on competitiveness be avoided?
Taking into account their ability to pass on the increased cost of emission allowances, full auctioning is the rule from 2013 onwards for electricity generators. However, Member States who fulfil certain conditions relating to their interconnectivity or their share of fossil fuels in electricity production and GDP per capita in relation to the EU-27 average, have the option to temporarily deviate from this rule with respect to existing power plants. The auctioning rate in 2013 is to be at least 30% in relation to emissions in the first period and has to increase progressively to 100% no later than 2020. If the option is applied, the Member State has to undertake to invest in improving and upgrading of the infrastructure, in clean technologies and in diversification of their energy mix and sources of supply for an amount to the extent possible equal to the market value of the free allocation.
In other sectors, allocations for free will be phased out progressively from 2013, with Member States agreeing to start at 20% auctioning in 2013, increasing to 70% auctioning in 2020 with a view to reaching 100% in 2027. However, an exception will be made for installations in sectors that are found to be exposed to a significant risk of 'carbon leakage'. This risk could occur if the EU ETS increased production costs so much that companies decided to relocate production to areas outside the EU that are not subject to comparable emission constraints. The Commission will determine the sectors concerned by 31 December 2009. To do this, the Commission will assess inter alia whether the direct and indirect additional production costs induced by the implementation of the ETS Directive as a proportion of gross value added exceed 5% and whether the total value of its exports and imports divided by the total value of its turnover and imports exceeds 10%. If the result for either of these criteria exceeds 30%, the sector would also be considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. Installations in these sectors would receive 100% of their share in the annually declining total quantity of allowances for free. The share of these industries' emissions is determined in relation to total ETS emissions in 2005 to 2007.
CO 2 costs passed on in electricity prices could also expose certain installations to the risk of carbon leakage. In order to avoid such risk, Member States may grant a compensation with respect to such costs. In the absence of an international agreement on climate change, the Commission has undertaken to modify the Community guidelines on state aid for environmental protection in this respect.
Under an international agreement which ensures that competitors in other parts of the world bear a comparable cost, the risk of carbon leakage may well be negligible. Therefore, by 30 June 2010, the Commission will carry out an in-depth assessment of the situation of energy-intensive industry and the risk of carbon leakage, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations and also taking into account any binding sectoral agreements that may have been concluded. The report will be accompanied by any proposals considered appropriate. These could potentially include maintaining or adjusting the proportion of allowances received free of charge to industrial installations that are particularly exposed to global competition or including importers of the products concerned in the ETS.
Who will organise the auctions and how will they be carried out?
Member States will be responsible for ensuring that the allowances given to them are auctioned. Each Member State has to decide whether it wants to develop its own auctioning infrastructure and platform or whether it wants to cooperate with other Member States to develop regional or EU-wide solutions. The distribution of the auctioning rights to Member States is largely based on emissions in phase 1 of the EU ETS, but a part of the rights will be redistributed from richer Member States to poorer ones to take account of the lower GDP per head and higher prospects for growth and emissions among the latter. It is still the case that 10% of the rights to auction allowances will be redistributed from Member States with high per capita income to those with low per capita income in order to strengthen the financial capacity of the latter to invest in climate friendly technologies. However, a provision has been added for another redistributive mechanism of 2% to take into account Member States which in 2005 had achieved a reduction of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions compared with the reference year set by the Kyoto Protocol. Nine Member States benefit from this provision.
Any auctioning must respect the rules of the internal market and must therefore be open to any potential buyer under non-discriminatory conditions. By 30 June 2010, the Commission will adopt a Regulation (through the comitology procedure) that will provide the appropriate rules and conditions for ensuring efficient, coordinated auctions without disturbing the allowance market.
How many allowances will each Member State auction and how is this amount determined?
All allowances which are not allocated free of charge will be auctioned. A total of 88% of allowances to be auctioned by each Member State is distributed on the basis of the Member State's share of historic emissions under the EU ETS. For purposes of solidarity and growth, 12% of the total quantity is distributed in a way that takes into account GDP per capita and the achievements under the Kyoto-Protocol.
Which sectors and gases are covered as of 2013?
The ETS covers installations performing specified activities. Since the start it has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and factories making cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently only covers carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands, which has opted in emissions from nitrous oxide.
As from 2013, the scope of the ETS will be extended to also include other sectors and greenhouse gases. CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. The capture, transport and geological storage of all greenhouse gas emissions will also be covered. These sectors will receive allowances free of charge according to EU-wide rules, in the same way as other industrial sectors already covered.
As of 2012, aviation will also be included in the EU ETS.
Will small installations be excluded from the scope?
A large number of installations emitting relatively low amounts of CO 2 are currently covered by the ETS and concerns have been raised over the cost-effectiveness of their inclusion. As from 2013, Member States will be allowed to remove these installations from the ETS under certain conditions. The installations concerned are those whose reported emissions were lower than 25 000 tonnes of CO 2 equivalent in each of the 3 years preceding the year of application. For combustion installations, an additional capacity threshold of 35MW applies. In addition Member States are given the possibility to exclude installations operated by hospitals. The installations may be excluded from the ETS only if they will be covered by measures that will achieve an equivalent contribution to emission reductions.
How many emission credits from third countries will be allowed?
For the second trading period, Member States allowed their operators to use significant quantities of credits generated by emission-saving projects undertaken in third countries to cover part of their emissions in the same way as they use ETS allowances. The revised Directive extends the rights to use these credits for the third trading period and allows a limited additional quantity to be used in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-wide reductions over the period 2008-2020. For existing installations, and excluding new sectors within the scope, this will represent a total level of access of approximately 1.6 billion credits over the period 2008-2020. In practice, this means that existing operators will be able to use credits up to a minimum of 11% of their allocation during the period 2008-2012, while a top-up is foreseen for operators with the lowest sum of free allocation and allowed use of credits in the 2008-2012 period. New sectors and new entrants in the third trading period will have a guaranteed minimum access of 4.5% of their verified emissions during the period 2013-2020. For the aviation sector, the minimum access will be 1.5%. The precise percentages will be determined through comitology.
These projects must be officially recognised under the Kyoto Protocol’s Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (covering projects carried out in countries with an emissions reduction target under the Protocol) or Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (for projects undertaken in developing countries). Credits from JI projects are known as Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) while those from CDM projects are called Certified Emission Reductions (CERs).
On the quality side only credits from project types eligible for use in the EU trading scheme during the period 2008-2012 will be accepted in the period 2013-2020. Furthermore, from 1 January 2013 measures may be applied to restrict the use of specific credits from project types. Such a quality control mechanism is needed to assure the environmental and economic integrity of future project types.
To create greater flexibility, and in the absence of an international agreement being concluded by 31 December 2009, credits could be used in accordance with agreements concluded with third countries. The use of these credits should however not increase the overall number beyond 50% of the required reductions. Such agreements would not be required for new projects that started from 2013 onwards in Least Developed Countries.
Based on a stricter emissions reduction in the context of a satisfactory international agreement , additional access to credits could be allowed, as well as the use of additional types of project credits or other mechanisms created under the international agreement. However, once an international agreement has been reached, from January 2013 onwards only credits from projects in third countries that have ratified the agreement or from additional types of project approved by the Commission will be eligible for use in the Community scheme.
Will it be possible to use credits from carbon ‘sinks’ like forests?
No. Before making its proposal, the Commission analysed the possibility of allowing credits from certain types of land use, land-use change and forestry (‘LULUCF’) projects which absorb carbon from the atmosphere. It concluded that doing so could undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS, for the following reasons:
LULUCF projects cannot physically deliver permanent emissions reductions. Insufficient solutions have been developed to deal with the uncertainties, non-permanence of carbon storage and potential emissions 'leakage' problems arising from such projects. The temporary and reversible nature of such activities would pose considerable risks in a company-based trading system and impose great liability risks on Member States. The inclusion of LULUCF projects in the ETS would require a quality of monitoring and reporting comparable to the monitoring and reporting of emissions from installations currently covered by the system. This is not available at present and is likely to incur costs which would substantially reduce the attractiveness of including such projects. The simplicity, transparency and predictability of the ETS would be considerably reduced. Moreover, the sheer quantity of potential credits entering the system could undermine the functioning of the carbon market unless their role were limited, in which case their potential benefits would become marginal.
The Commission, the Council and the European Parliament believe that global deforestation can be better addressed through other instruments. For example, using part of the proceeds from auctioning allowances in the EU ETS could generate additional means to invest in LULUCF activities both inside and outside the EU, and may provide a model for future expansion. In this respect the Commission has proposed to set up the Global Forest Carbon Mechanism that would be a performance-based system for financing reductions in deforestation levels in developing countries.
Besides those already mentioned, are there other credits that could be used in the revised ETS?
Sim. Projects in EU Member States which reduce greenhouse gas emissions not covered by the ETS could issue credits. These Community projects would need to be managed according to common EU provisions set up by the Commission in order to be tradable throughout the system. Such provisions would be adopted only for projects that cannot be realised through inclusion in the ETS. The provisions will seek to ensure that credits from Community projects do not result in double-counting of emission reductions nor impede other policy measures to reduce emissions not covered by the ETS, and that they are based on simple, easily administered rules.
Are there measures in place to ensure that the price of allowances won't fall sharply during the third trading period?
A stable and predictable regulatory framework is vital for market stability. The revised Directive makes the regulatory framework as predictable as possible in order to boost stability and rule out policy-induced volatility. Important elements in this respect are the determination of the cap on emissions in the Directive well in advance of the start of the trading period, a linear reduction factor for the cap on emissions which continues to apply also beyond 2020 and the extension of the trading period from 5 to 8 years. The sharp fall in the allowance price during the first trading period was due to over-allocation of allowances which could not be “banked” for use in the second trading period. For the second and subsequent trading periods, Member States are obliged to allow the banking of allowances from one period to the next and therefore the end of one trading period is not expected to have any impact on the price.
A new provision will apply as of 2013 in case of excessive price fluctuations in the allowance market. If, for more than six consecutive months, the allowance price is more than three times the average price of allowances during the two preceding years on the European market, the Commission will convene a meeting with Member States. If it is found that the price evolution does not correspond to market fundamentals, the Commission may either allow Member States to bring forward the auctioning of a part of the quantity to be auctioned, or allow them to auction up to 25% of the remaining allowances in the new entrant reserve.
The price of allowances is determined by supply and demand and reflects fundamental factors like economic growth, fuel prices, rainfall and wind (availability of renewable energy) and temperature (demand for heating and cooling) etc. A degree of uncertainty is inevitable for such factors. The markets, however, allow participants to hedge the risks that may result from changes in allowances prices.
Are there any provisions for linking the EU ETS to other emissions trading systems?
Sim. One of the key means to reduce emissions more cost-effectively is to enhance and further develop the global carbon market. The Commission sees the EU ETS as an important building block for the development of a global network of emission trading systems. Linking other national or regional cap-and-trade emissions trading systems to the EU ETS can create a bigger market, potentially lowering the aggregate cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The increased liquidity and reduced price volatility that this would entail would improve the functioning of markets for emission allowances. This may lead to a global network of trading systems in which participants, including legal entities, can buy emission allowances to fulfil their respective reduction commitments.
The EU is keen to work with the new US Administration to build a transatlantic and indeed global carbon market to act as the motor of a concerted international push to combat climate change.
While the original Directive allows for linking the EU ETS with other industrialised countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, the new rules allow for linking with any country or administrative entity (such as a state or group of states under a federal system) which has established a compatible mandatory cap-and-trade system whose design elements would not undermine the environmental integrity of the EU ETS. Where such systems cap absolute emissions, there would be mutual recognition of allowances issued by them and the EU ETS.
What is a Community registry and how does it work?
Registries are standardised electronic databases ensuring the accurate accounting of the issuance, holding, transfer and cancellation of emission allowances. As a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol in its own right, the Community is also obliged to maintain a registry. This is the Community Registry, which is distinct from the registries of Member States. Allowances issued from 1 January 2013 onwards will be held in the Community registry instead of in national registries.
Will there be any changes to monitoring, reporting and verification requirements?
The Commission will adopt a new Regulation (through the comitology procedure) by 31 December 2011 governing the monitoring and reporting of emissions from the activities listed in Annex I of the Directive. A separate Regulation on the verification of emission reports and the accreditation of verifiers should specify conditions for accreditation, mutual recognition and cancellation of accreditation for verifiers, and for supervision and peer review as appropriate.
What provision will be made for new entrants into the market?
Five percent of the total quantity of allowances will be put into a reserve for new installations or airlines that enter the system after 2013 (“new entrants”). The allocations from this reserve should mirror the allocations to corresponding existing installations.
A part of the new entrant reserve, amounting to 300 million allowances, will be made available to support the investments in up to 12 demonstration projects using the carbon capture and storage technology and demonstration projects using innovative renewable energy technologies. There should be a fair geographical distribution of the projects.
In principle, any allowances remaining in the reserve shall be distributed to Member States for auctioning. The distribution key shall take into account the level to which installations in Member States have benefited from this reserve.
What has been agreed with respect to the financing of the 12 carbon capture and storage demonstration projects requested by a previous European Council?
The European Parliament's Environment Committee tabled an amendment to the EU ETS Directive requiring allowances in the new entrant reserve to be set aside in order to co-finance up to 12 demonstration projects as requested by the European Council in spring 2007. This amendment has later been extended to include also innovative renewable energy technologies that are not commercially viable yet. Projects shall be selected on the basis of objective and transparent criteria that include requirements for knowledge sharing. Support shall be given from the proceeds of these allowances via Member States and shall be complementary to substantial co-financing by the operator of the installation. No project shall receive support via this mechanism that exceeds 15% of the total number of allowances (i. e. 45 million allowances) available for this purpose. The Member State may choose to co-finance the project as well, but will in any case transfer the market value of the attributed allowances to the operator, who will not receive any allowances.
A total of 300 million allowances will therefore be set aside until 2015 for this purpose.
What is the role of an international agreement and its potential impact on EU ETS?
When an international agreement is reached, the Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council assessing the nature of the measures agreed upon in the international agreement and their implications, in particular with respect to the risk of carbon leakage. On the basis of this report, the Commission shall then adopt a legislative proposal amending the present Directive as appropriate.
For the effects on the use of credits from Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism projects, please see the reply to question 20.
What are the next steps?
Member States have to bring into force the legal instruments necessary to comply with certain provisions of the revised Directive by 31 December 2009. This concerns the collection of duly substantiated and verified emissions data from installations that will only be covered by the EU ETS as from 2013, and the national lists of installations and the allocation to each one. For the remaining provisions, the national laws, regulations and administrative provisions only have to be ready by 31 December 2012.
The Commission has already started the work on implementation. For example, the collection and analysis of data for use in relation to carbon leakage is ongoing (list of sectors due end 2009). Work is also ongoing to prepare the Regulation on timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning (due by June 2010), the harmonised allocation rules (due end 2010) and the two Regulations on monitoring and reporting of emissions and verification of emissions and accreditation of verifiers (due end 2011).
Emissions cap and allowances.
The overall volume of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the power plants, factories and other fixed installations covered by the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) is limited by a 'cap' on the number of emission allowances. A separate cap applies to the aviation sector. Within these Europe-wide caps, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade as needed.
Each allowance gives the holder the right to emit.
one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the main greenhouse gas, or the equivalent amount of two more powerful greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).
Some allowances are allocated or auctioned specifically to aviation operators. Airlines can use any allowances for compliance purposes, but fixed installations cannot use aviation allowances.
Cap for fixed installations decreases each year.
The 2013 cap for emissions from fixed installations was set at 2,084,301,856 allowances. During phase 3 of the EU ETS (2013-2020), this cap decreases each year by a linear reduction factor of 1.74% of the average total quantity of allowances issued annually in 2008-2012. This amounts to a reduction of 38,264,246 allowances each year.
The linear reduction factor determines the pace of emission reductions in the EU ETS. It is a feature without an end date and as such it gives investors certainty about the return on investment in emission reductions.
Thanks to the decreasing cap, the number of allowances that can be used by fixed installations to cover emissions will be 21% lower in 2020 than in 2005 .
To achieve the target of cutting EU emissions by 40% by 2030 compared to 1990, agreed by EU leaders as part of the 2030 climate and energy framework, the cap will need to be lowered by 2.2% per year from 2021 .
This would reduce emissions from fixed installations to around 43% below 2005 levels by 2030 . By 2050, emissions would be reduced by around 90% compared to 2005.
Aviation cap set at 210 million allowances for 2013-2020.
The aviation sector cap remains the same in each year of the 2013-2020 trading period.
The cap has been provisionally set at 210,349,264 aviation allowances per year, which is 5% below the average annual level of aviation emissions in the 2004-2006 base period.
The cap will be adjusted to include additional aviation activities arising from Croatia's full integration into the aviation part of the EU ETS on 1 January 2014.
Documentos úteis.
Open all questions.
Emissions trading: Questions and Answers concerning the second Commission Decision on the EU ETS cap for 2013 (October 2010)
What is the EU ETS cap and why are two steps needed to set it?
The EU ETS cap is the total amount of emission allowances to be issued for a given year under the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Since each allowance represents the right to emit one tonne of CO 2 - or an amount of another greenhouse gas giving the same contribution to global warming as one tonne of CO 2 - the total number of allowances, i. e. the “cap”, determines the maximum amount of emissions possible under the EU ETS.
In July 2010, the Commission adopted a decision that determined the cap for 2013 based on the current scope of the EU ETS, ie the installations covered in the 2008-2012 period. The second decision, adopted today, takes into account the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2013.
Which new sectors and gases are covered under the extended scope?
The EU ETS covers installations performing specific activities. Since its launch in 2005 the system has covered, above certain capacity thresholds, power stations and other combustion plants, oil refineries, coke ovens, iron and steel plants and installations producing cement, glass, lime, bricks, ceramics, pulp, paper and board. As for greenhouse gases, it currently covers only carbon dioxide emissions, with the exception of the Netherlands and Austria, which have opted to include emissions from nitrous oxide ( N2O) emissions from some specific installations.
As from 2013, the scope of the ETS will be extended to include other sectors and greenhouse gases. Inter alia, more CO 2 emissions from installations producing bulk organic chemicals, hydrogen, ammonia and aluminium will be included, as will N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminium sector. Installations performing activities which result in these emissions will be included in the EU ETS as from 2013.
What is the cap for 2013 and how has it been determined?
The cap for the year 2013 has been determined at 2,084,301,856 allowances..
This figure is based on the national allocation plans of Member States for the period from 2008 to 2012 but also takes into account the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2013 as well as installations 'opted in' to the system by Member States from 2008. It is composed of the following elements:
The Union-wide quantity of allowances which have been issued by Member States in accordance with the Commission Decisions on the National Allocation Plans of Member States for the period from 2008 to 2012. This amounts to 1,976,784,044 in 2013. The average annual quantity of allowances which have been issued by Member States to installations that Member States have 'opted in' to the EU ETS. This amounts to 2,678,155. The quantity of allowances that takes into account the effect of the extended scope of the EU ETS, i. e. installations which will be included as from 2013. This concerns installations emitting the following greenhouse gases: CO 2 emissions from petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminum, N2O emissions from the production of nitric, adipic and glyocalic acid production and perfluorocarbons from the aluminum sector.
From this quantity, the quantity of allowances that represent the effect of installations opted out from the EU ETS would need to be deducted. The corresponding amount deducted was 4,751,898.
Since the cap for 2013 is calculated from the midpoint of the period 2008 to 2012, i. e. 2010, the linear reduction factor of 1.74% (in absolute figures: 38,264,246 allowances) had to be applied three times (in 2011, 2012, 2013), in order to arrive at the total absolute Union-wide quantity of allowances (cap) for 2013, i. e. 2,084,301,856 allowances.
How have the various figures been established at the 2010 level?
The figure representing the quantity of allowances to be issued in accordance with the National Allocation Plans has been established applying the same methodology as used in the Commission's July decision [2] . Basically, it means that the total quantity actually available in the period from 2008 to 2012 has been added up and divided by five. However, as set out in this Decision, additional information has been taken into account, mainly related to new entrants and closed installations. As a consequence, the corresponding figures are now slightly higher than those indicated in the July decision.
The figure representing the effect of the opt-ins has been established in a similar manner as the figure above, i. e. the relevant annual average for 2010 has been calculated by adding up the total amount of allowances opted in for the period from 2008 to 2012 and dividing it by the relevant number of years.
In order to determine the quantity of allowances by which the cap has to be adjusted in order to reflect the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2013, Member States had to ensure that operators of installations carrying out activities that will be included in the EU ETS only from 2013 onwards submitted duly substantiated and independently verified emissions data..
Member States had to notify duly substantiated data to the Commission by 30 June 2010. The data notified to the Commission cover different years of verified emissions and are therefore not easily comparable. The Commission had to establish an approach with a view to providing a level playing field for all installations included in the EU ETS as from 2013. To this end and for the purpose of establishing the Union-wide quantity of allowances for 2013, the Commission assumed that installations to be included as of 2013 had undertaken the same level of emission reduction efforts as those installations already included before 2013. For this reason, the linear reduction factor of 1.74% was applied to the annual average figure from the midpoint of the period covered by the verified emission data notified by each Member State. The outcome would represent the level of emissions in 2010, had the installations concerned already been included in the EU ETS.
How have the emission data for the new sectors and gases been collected?
Member States have collected the necessary data from installations performing activities which will be included in the EU ETS as from 2013. These data had to be independently verified before the operators of the relevant installations submitted them to the competent authorities of their respective Member State (for which the deadline was 30 April 2010). Where Member States found these data duly substantiated, they could notify them to the Commission by 30 June 2010. On the basis of these notifications, the Commission took into account the extended scope of the EU ETS as from 2013.
Is the 2013 cap now final?
In practice and to a large extent yes. However, marginal fine-tuning is likely to be needed over time, for the following potential reasons:
Before the end of 2012 more new entrants may enter the market requesting allowances from certain Member States 'new entrants' reserves which could not be taken into account in the calculation of the cap thus far. These reserves have not been taken into account either because the Member State has decided not to sell or auction allowances that have not been distributed to new entrants by the end of 2012, or because it has not yet decided whether or not to sell or auction such allowances. Only the new entrants' reserves of Member States which have decided to sell or auction such allowances have been taken into account so far. Emission-reduction projects planned under the Kyoto Protocol's Joint Implementation (JI) mechanism (or in some cases under the Clean Development Mechanism) may not materialise and thus may not yield credits that can be used to offset emissions in the EU ETS. For this reason, allowances may be allocated from the so-called "JI set aside"; Member States may still 'opt in' to the EU ETS installations and activities not covered by the scope of the Directive; Member States may exclude in the 3rd trading period some specific small installations if equivalent measures are in place. As any corresponding measures will not be notified to the Commission before the end of September 2011, they could not be taken into account in this Decision.
For these reasons, final figures for the 2013 cap may thus not be available before 2013. However, in order to keep the public informed, the Commission will update the figures in 2011 or later. These updates should lead only to marginal changes in the overall quantity of allowances available from 2013 onwards.
What will happen to the cap after 2013?
The cap will decrease each year by 1.74% of the average annual total quantity of allowances issued by the Member States in 2008-2012. In absolute terms this means the number of allowances will be reduced annually by 37,435,387. This annual reduction will continue beyond 2020 but may be subject to revision not later than 2025.
What happens if the EU increases its greenhouse gas reduction target for 2020 from 20% to 30%?
If the EU decided to move to a 30% reduction target the cap would need to be revised. Today's decision reflects the 20% reduction target from 1990 levels as enshrined in current legislation. This translates into a 21% cut in emissions from installations in the EU ETS by 2020 compared with 2005 levels.
Is aviation included in the decision?
Aviation is not included in this decision. The cap to be allocated to aircraft operators will be determined by a separate decision of the Commission, as requested in the legislation [3] which will bring aviation into the EU ETS as from 2012.
Binaire opties handelaren - Nederlands.
Allowance Trading System Definitie.
Allowance Trading System Definitie.
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The EU Emissions Trading System extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of capandtrade emissions trading systems to the EU ETS. Ons Trading Systeem is gebouwd op de basis van Price Action, Trend analyse en Technische analyse. Het systeem analyseert dagelijks de AEX Index door eerst naar de. Allowance Trading System: PDF document DocSlides The SO 2 The Ironic History of a Grand Policy Experiment Richard Schmalensee and. European Energy Exchange AG, Augustusplatz 9, Leipzig, Germany, Tel. Cost sharing and allowance allocation in a nutrient trading system for the Lake Rotorua catchment 1 The SO 2 Allowance Trading System: The Ironic History of a Grand Policy Experiment Richard Schmalensee and Robert N. Many emissions trading schemes provide and many believe worldwide markets for trading emission allowances and other Uniform System of Accounts is the. Allowance Trading System: The Ironic History of a Grand Policy Experiment Richard Schmalensee is the Howard W. Johnson Professor of Economics and Management. Wat is Trading System Amsterdam? Financieel Woordenboek geeft de betekenis en definitie van Trading System Amsterdam op Ensie.
The SO Allowance Trading System and the Clean Air.
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Cap and trade schemes on waste management: A case study of the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS) in England.
Destaques.
LATS has been effective to achieve a reduction of the amount of landfilled waste.
LATS has been one of the few environmental instruments for waste management with a cap and trade methodology.
LATS has achieved to increase recycling of the biodegradable and other waste fractions.
The Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS) is one of the main instruments used in England to enforce the landfill diversion targets established in the Directive 1999/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (Landfill Directive). Through the LATS, biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) allowances for landfilling are allocated to each local authority, otherwise known as waste disposal authorities (WDAs). The quantity of landfill allowances received is expected to decrease continuously from 2005/06 to 2019/20 so as to meet the objectives of the Landfill Directive. To achieve their commitments, WDAs can exchange, buy, sell or transfer allowances among each other, or may re-profile their own allocation through banking and/or borrowing. Despite the goals for the first seven years – which included two target years (2005/06 and 2009/10) – being widely achieved (the average allocation of allowances per WDA was 22.9% higher than those finally used), market activity among WDAs was high and prices were not very stable. Results in terms of waste reduction and recycling levels have been satisfactory. The reduction of BMW landfilled (in percentage) was higher during the first seven years of the LATS period (2005/06–2011/12) (around 7% annually) than during the previous period (2001/02–2004/05) (4.2% annually). Since 2008, the significance of the LATS diminished because of an increase in the rate of the UK Landfill Tax. The LATS was suppressed after the 2012/13 target year, before what it was initially scheduled. The purpose of this paper is to describe the particularities of the LATS, analyse its performance as a waste management policy, make a comparison with the Landfill Tax, discuss its main features as regards efficiency, effectiveness and the application of the “polluter pays” principle and finally discuss if the effect of the increase in the Landfill Tax is what made the LATS ultimately unnecessary.
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